The Bayer process is a chemical process for refining aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH) 3 from bauxite; this aluminium hydroxide is subsequently calcined to produce alumina, Al 2 O 3.The basis of the Bayer process is an understanding of the characteristics of the sodium-hydroxide—sodium-aluminate solution relationship, namely its ability to keep sodium …

The resin is treated with a 10% sodium chloride solution, and regeneration proceeds according to the following equation: During regeneration, a large excess of regenerant (approximately 3 times the amount of calcium and magnesium in the resin) is used. ... Failure to remove silica from the resin, which can result from low regenerant caustic ...

Afterward, the sodium silicate that is known as glass water prepared by Merck Company with code 1.05621.2500 and ratio of 25.5–28.5% by weight of SiO 2 and 7.5–8.5% by weight of Na 2 O and ...

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) composites containing silicon have shown extraordinary potential in scavenging heavy metal ions, but usually suffer from difficulty in recycling/separating after usage, quite complex and time-consuming procedures, expensive and higher toxic starting materials or being processed desired shapes. To overcome …

addition of coagulants such as alum, sodium aluminate, or ferric chloride to improve the performance of the lime-soda ash process on silica removal. However, Sheikholeslami and Bright (2002) found that the addition of alum and ferric chloride only slightly increase silica removal during the soft-eningprocess.Furthermore,Chenetal.( 2006 ...

Abstract When producing alumina from aluminum-containing raw materials (bauxite, alunite), it is important to control the silica level in a solution of sodium aluminate. The studies show that this adsorbent having layered binary hydroxides, such as hydrocalumite sulfate AFm-SO4, is characterized by excellent desilication properties. …

chemicals for silica removal include polyvalent metal hydroxides i.e., Al(OH) 3, Fe(OH) 3, and Mg(OH) 2. It has been reported that these chemicals effectively remove both soluble and colloidal silica.4 In addition, the amount of hydroxide required for removing silica increases but not in direct proportion with increasing silica concentrations.

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Effective silica-silicate chemical treatments should both (a) function as amorphous silica inhibitors and b) effectively inhibit crystalline scale forming salts. The study herein …

Calcium chloride is made of calcium ions (with 2 charges, Ca++) and chloride ions (with 1 charge only, Cl—). You need 2 chloride anions to balance each calcium cation. Therefore the formula of calcium chloride is CaCl2. Similarly, in sodium carbonate you have sodium cations Na+ and carbonate anions CO 3 =, so

The formation of silica scale is a problem for thermoelectric power generating facilities, and this study investigated the potential for removal of silica by means of chemical coagulation from source water before it is …

Sodium Chloride Removal The conventional approach to desalting brackish waters is to use reverse osmosis (RO) with a blend stream to achieve a desired target water quality. Sulfuric acid is typically dosed in the feed along with an antiscalant to prevent fouling from sulfate salts, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate and silica.

anion resin removes silica and chloride-form anion resin doesn't is that the release of hydroxide raises the pH and causes silica to become ionized (silicate). Ionized silica, or silicate, is then removed, along with other anions. Ion exchange methods to remove silica all involve a hydroxide-form strong base anion resin. However, there

This paper presents the results of a study on electrogeneration of aluminium, as a coagulant to remove silica in make-up water for cooling towers. Three electrochemical systems were tested, two with aluminium electrodes (one with polarity change and another without it), and a third one with aluminiu …

The experiments showed that the chemical precipitation positively impacted the total hardness and silicon removal of the reverse osmosis wastewater. The …

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Polyvinyl Chloride/Silica Nanocomposites Films T.Abdel-Baset,M.Elzayat,andS.Mahrous Physics Department, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt ... times with distilled water until complete removal of sodium chloride. is precipitatewas dried in air overnight.... Preparation of PVC/SiO Nanocomposite. Dierent concentrations (,, and wt.%) ...

Sodium Chloride Removal. July 2015. Brown and Caldwell . 2. Where we are. Many utilities' ability to reclaim water for ... Silica. Calcium. Bicarbonate. Sulfate. Chloride. Sodium. 7405 mg/l. 52%. 72%. 75% 40% less TDS The balance is conserved in the blended product Very low total organic carbon

Silica removal during softening processes is a common treatment; however, the effluent from the paper mill studied has a low hardness content, which makes the …

The second approach to minimize silica-based fouling involves reduction of silica concentration by pretreating feed water. Commonly used chemicals for silica removal …

To improve magnesium reduction, which also improves silica reduction in cold process softening, sodium aluminate may be used. The sodium aluminate provides hydroxyl ion (OH-) needed for improved magnesium reduction, without increasing calcium hardness in the treated water.In addition, the hydrolysis of sodium aluminate results in the formation …

Most of the fluorine in phosphate rock will eventually remain in the reaction solution in the form of fluorine ions(F-), if not removed, phosphate fertilizer, feed and other products produced by phosphoric acid will cause serious harm to the environment and livestock [1].High fluorine water is mainly caused by the illegal discharge of fluorine …

mud are affected by contamination with sodium chloride, cement, and silica sand. Four mud samples were ... Results showed that smallest cuttings were easiest to remove when mud velocities of 0.457 ...

The nano-silica effect on soil pH. The results of The nano-silica effects on soil pH are presented in Fig. 5.The results showed that application of nano-silica caused an increase in soil pH ...

Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and silica typically make up most of the dissolved solids in water. Combinations of these ions—sodium and chloride, for example—form salts, and salinity is another term commonly used to describe the dissolved solids content of water.

In metallurgical process, the flux used for removing acidic impurities is-silica; sodium chloride; sodium carbonate; limestone; A. sodium chloride. B. sodium carbonate. C. limestone. D. silica. Open in App. Solution. Verified by Toppr. S i O 2 (S i l i c a) is Acidic in Nature. N a C l can't act as a flux because it is a neutral salt.

The exact nature of the silicate in deposits depends on the type of cations present as well as temperature and flow rates when the silicate is deposited. Removing silicate deposits has depended on using fluorine based acids, such as HF, Ammonium bifluoride, and Fluoroboric acid. HF and related acids are very hazardous.

For chloride removal by forming Friedel's salt precipitates, the utilization efficiency of Al can be improved by ... (2014) synthesized activated carbon xerogels by dissolving resorcinol and formaldehyde in deionized water and using sodium carbonate as a catalyst. Five different carbon xerogels (CXG355, 400, 430, 480 and 500) were …

Sodium Chloride: 1.4: Aluminum Silicate: 0.4: Barium Sulfate: 1.3: Chromium Oxide: 0.2: Aluminum Silicate: 0.9: Others: 0.1: Molybdenum oxide: 0.2: ... Scale removal techniques should be economical, fast, non-damaging to the wellbore tubing and formation, and must be able to prevent the precipitation. The strength of the scale and …