The mechanisms governing activation can be usually advanced as ion exchange, ion adsorption and also particle–particle interactions (heterocoagulation). ... was performed without any moisturizing. The optimum moisture of the bentonite samples for soda activation was found to be 40% in our preliminary activation studies on viscosity, …

The batch experiments revealed excellent sorption capacity of AAB for removal of CIP from aqueous solution. Therefore, AAB adsorbent was utilized in the continuous-mode …

In addition, the specific surface areas (SSA) of bentonite and bare nZVI were 4.8 and 48.7 m 2 /g, respectively. When 50% of nZVI was loaded on the bentonite surface, a mean specific surface area of 32.7 m 2 /g was obtained, which was larger than bentonite and nZVI. As nZVI particles were dispersed onto the bentonite surface, their reactivity …

The plausible mechanism/interaction for the adsorption of pesticide onto the clay is depicted in Fig. ... Similarly, bentonite activation is a complex phenomenon that involves the substitution of exchangeable cations, Al 3+, Mg 2+, and Fe 2+ against protons from the octahedral sheet, resulting in the improvement of bleaching effectiveness, ...

In this work, under visible light irradiation, persulfate (PS) was activated by a mechanically activated bentonite-based bismuth ferrite composite (A-BiFe/Bent) to degrade ethyl xanthate (EX). The result showed that the as-prepared A-BiFe/Bent catalyst exhibited an excellent catalytic ability in the degradation of EX, and a removal ratio of 98.6% was …

Currently, the modification of bentonite encompasses techniques such as acidification, roasting, salt activation, sodium modification, the addition of modifiers, and compounding (Mahadevan et al., 2020). For instance, the modification of bentonite with calcium chloride has been employed to eliminate organic pollutants from water (Lian et al ...

The mechanism of these changes in pore size is similar to that of the AA bentonite. However, an additional step of thermal activation resulted in removing the adsorbed and hydrated water, and volatile organic compounds. ... The DTA plot also suggests that the thermal activation of bentonite should be carefully carried out in the …

In this study, the adsorption of NH 3 gas on a bentonite from Ünye (Turkey) in its natural state and after acid treatments, was investigated experimentally at 298 K and up to 100 kPa. Bentonite was treated with HCl solutions of various concentrations (0.5–2.5 M) at …

In acid activation using inorganic acid, the inorganic cation in the interlayer structure of bentonite is supplanted by the monovalent hydrogen ion. In addition, octahedral ions (Fe …

Accordingly to Riley's ternary phase diagram for the preparation of ceramsite, the optimum composition of the raw materials is 40–79% SiO 2, 10–25% Al 2 O 3, and 13–26% fluxes (-CaO, MgO, Na 2 O, and K 2 O) [36].However, the RM used in this study has low silicon and aluminium contents and a high flux content; hence it is difficult to …

The study of the kinetics of adsorption showed that decolorization of maize oil is a first-order process which occurs in two steps: a first fast step with higher activation energy (25.6 kJ mol −1), indicating the influence of a chemical interaction between the pigment and the clay surface, followed by a second slow step with low activation ...

The acid activation of natural bentonite was performed by treatment with hydrochloric acid at different concentrations. The surface water pollutants removed by the modified bentonites are bemacid yellow …

The most significant mechanism in the activation of natural bentonite is cation exchange by H + ions. During the activation process, a considerable amount of …

Abstract—A study is performed of the effect the means of activation of bentonite-like clays (acidic, alkaline, combined) have on the adsorption characteristics of Fe 3+ ions under static conditions. The mechanism of the acidic and alkaline activation of montmorillonite is identified and found to depend on the concentration of the activating ...

Three different concentrations of H 2 SO 4 (i.e., 3, 5, and 10 N) were used for the activation of 50 g bentonite. The treatment was conducted in a water bath (95–98°C, atmospheric pressure) and 250 ml …

The characteristics of acid-activated raw bentonite (RB) activated with binary acid solutions sulfuric acid + nitric acid, nitric acid + phosphoric acid, and phosphoric acid + sulfuric acid, at a concentration …

Optimization of clays as adsorbent for low concentration phosphorus removal from wastewater has received increasing attention in recent years. This study explored the feasibility of using bentonite as an adsorbent for phosphate (P) removal from synthetic wastewater, by assessing the performance of thermally treated bentonite for P …

Polymer-amended bentonite is a kind of high-performance bentonite material, which has been widely researched and applied in barrier engineering. This paper summarizes the modification mechanism and process of polymer-amended bentonite in previous studies and discusses its modification effect for impermeability and isolating …

Synergistic modification of bentonite by acid activation and hydroxyl iron pillaring was conducted. Larger specific surface area and pore volume was achieved after modification. Enhanced removal of RhB was achieved by the modified bentonite. The adsorption mechanisms of RhB on the adsorbent involve electrostatic attraction and …

The mechanism of decolorization of crude maize and sunflower oils was studied by means of adsorption of -carotene by a low-grade bentonite, containing mixed-layered illite-smectite.

The effect of acid activation, catalyst quantity, concentration of CHP and temperature were optimized using activated bentonite catalyst. An ionic decomposition mechanism has been suggested for the decomposition of CHP by bentonite catalyst (Scheme 2), which is analogous to a mechanism reported in the literature . The …

Chemical activation, using H 2 SO 4, NaCl, and phosphoric acid, has been used to increase the specific surface of natural bentonite. However, there are few reports of the use of nitric acid for such activation. Bentonite was activated with nitric acid in this study, which was then subject to detailed characterization.

single mechanism with intermediate activation energy (19.0 kJ mol–1). Adsorption isotherms of ... KeyWords— Acid-activated Bentonite, Activation Energy, Active Centers, Adsorption Kinetics,

The optimum conditions for activation of FeOOH/bentonite were as follows: filling ratio of grinding medium 30%, "15 mL of D06 balls plus 15 mL of D10 balls" as combination mode of grinding medium ...

The effects of activation parameters (time and temperature) on its physiochemical properties and its performance for the removal of sodium ions from water were investigated. Bentonite activated for 6 h at 300 °C showed a maximum specific surface area of 81.74 m 2 /g while the raw one showed 57.6 m 2 /g. However, the cation …

This process is known as acid activation. The most significant mechanism in the activation of natural bentonite is cation exchange by H + ions (Babaki et al., 2008). These transformations in the ...

The bentonite clay after acid activation was used as a catalyst for diester preparation using succinic acid and ethanol. The conversion of succinic acid was 62% …

Recently, a new composite of bentonite-based bismuth ferrite containing BiFeO 3 and Bi 2 Fe 4 O 9 has been activated through the method of mechanical activation, which is a green technique for enhancing the catalytic activity of materials by mechanical energy [28], [29], [30]. It has been found that the activated bentonite-based …

Bentonite, a common ... This process mimics the natural mechanisms by which plants absorb heavy metals from the soil, making DTPA and EDTA extractions relevant for assessing the bioavailability of heavy metals to plants. ... Gupta SS (2008) Influence of acid activation on adsorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) on kaolinite and …

This indicated that the adsorption mechanism of IP, and OP on Na-B and NB was chemisorption. ... The new method of bentonite activation, involving dehydration of clay at 300 °C, ...